Nonverbal Communication In Negotiations Cultural Studies Essay

Nonverbal Communication In Negotiations Cultural Studies Essay Cultural specific studies have focused attention on cultural and communication practices in specific countries, while conflict resolution and negotiation studies have integrated intercultural communication in their theories. Studies have identified factors influencing intercultural business communication which include effects or emotions and non-verbal behaviour. The earliest of these comparative theoretical and applied studies reflected in the conditions existed in the early stages of globalization following world war two. During this period complex international business transactions could be channeled through fully bilingual specialists who provided translation and interpretation services, while simple communication exchanges such as obtaining and fulfilling sales orders could be processed through routine channels. These transactions did not impose the same communication requirements as do the interactive and intercultural communication channels of the present day of international business communication environment. Since 1960s, language studies traditionally emphasized verbal and written communication, however in the recent times more research studies seriously began to consider what takes place without words in conversations, in instances were verbal and nonverbal communication meets (Hartley Bruckham, 2000). The research would start by discussing problems of communicating across social boundaries and then define and discuss some of the concepts associated with non verbal miscommunication in cross cultural meetings and negotiation. Then it would also focus on both verbal and non-verbal communication factors and consider how much scope there is for ambiguity and interpretation. If it can be anticipated how other people will interpret to what we say and do, then our communication can be made more effective. We also need to bear in mind that communication is not just the transmission and reception of information. No matter how carefully we feel we have encoded our message, we need to be aware of all the factors which can influence how other people will interpret our behaviour. The research would also address how cultural factors affect cross-cultural communication and explain in bridging cultures, and some strategies they can use to overcome cross-cultural communication problems. Nonverbal behaviours unintentional, beyond the words, can be interpreted by a receiver as having meaning. They either accompany verbal messages or are used independently of verbal messages. They may affirm and emphasize or negate and even contradict spoken messages. They are more likely to be used unconsciously and spontaneously because they are habitual and routine behaviours. There are seven key elements of Nonverbal Behaviour which include gestures, body moments, facial movements, eye contacts, postures, vocalics and haptics. Gestures, body moments, facial movement and eye contact are combined in the kinesics code, which vary culturally, also referred to as body language. The study of this caters to traditional linguistic principles to the parts of the body particularly the face, hands and arms or body as a whole. It also addresses posture in standing and sitting as well as with eye and facial expressions such as the arching of eyebrows or rolling of the eyes. Vocalics refers to a ll vocal activities other than verbal context, also called the paralanguage. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously and it includes the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation of speech. Sometimes the definition is restricted to vocally-produced sounds. The role of Haptics focuses on touch as an element of communication and is very much a function of culture. It can vary from touch and the frequency and intensity, like many other roles of non verbal communication. The communication environment consists of physical environment and spatial environment. Secondly, there are the communicators physical characteristics like physique general attractiveness, height, clothes and other accessories. Here I would wish to bring into focus an incident which I had observed on television. When Americans go for negotiation to Saudi Arabia, the female members accompanying the team would always wear a full body cover named Abhaya (not Burkha). But recently when Indian Prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh visited Saudi Arabia, Mrs.Manmohan Singh who accompanied him did not wear that. So looking at this incidence and by carefully observing, it can be said that there was a wrong cultural assumption from the Indian think tanks whereas even Mrs. Obama and Mrs. Clinton, did wear them during their respective visits. By wearing them is like respecting the feeling of Saudis, so here its the miscommunication made and the body language is like I dont care attitude, the opposite party can interpret it in that way. India is going there and its equally important for both countries, especially more for India, by doing this India is putting them in a wrong position right at the beginning itself. An another instance is when I was watching NDTV, a popular Indian news channel, there was a discussion with two leading political parties of India namely UPA and Left, which also included prominent news reporters. The discussion was regarding the past performance of the newly elected government. Usually a discussion of this kind can heat up at any time without warnings because thats how the Indian political scenario works. As expected, there was a hot exchange of words between the representatives of the parties who were sitting in close proximity. It was surprising to note that the opposite partys gesture by touching the hand of the other party member, couple of times to ease the tension. In Indian culture, this gesture is commonly used in easing tensed situation and making the opposite person calm during a meeting or discussion. A soft touch in the hand is considered as a humanitarian way of showing that there is no intension to start a fight (usually these gestures can be seen done my males) thereby avoiding the situation to get worse. This happens between people of Indian origin and in an Indian context; understanding and acting these small gestures can win a situation or even stabilize it. But in general, Asian cultures tend to discourage touching outside of intimate situations whereas certain other cultures like US allow cross-gender touching while same-gender is less acceptable. These rules change in Japan, where women are frequently seen holding hands but not men. In the Mediterranean, it is common to see men holding hands or touching in public but not women. So an awareness of these local norms is important and would help negotiators for better cross cultural negotiations. The use of space is called proxemics, and the use of time is chronemics. Environment involves the communicative value of the physical space. Unconsciously, we all keep a comfortable distance around us when we interact with other people. This distance has had several names over the years, including personal space, interpersonal distance, comfort zone, and body bubble. This space between us and another person forms invisible walls that define how comfortable we feel at various distances from other people. Business people, for example, assume significant meaning about desk size; its commonly assumed that the important people of companies occupy the top most floors of the company. Artifacts likewise is connected with communicative aspect of objects visible in a room such as art or possessions, these may be personal indicative of status of revealing lifestyle. In some societies much meaning is presumed by ones choice of automobile. Artifacts certainly play a role in cultural significance. For instance in many Western countries, pet shave great emotional significance; among many Arabs rugs are prestigious. It should be further emphasized that these codes do not usually function independently or sequentially, rather they work simultaneously. Moreover, nonverbal behaviour is always about sending messages. We cannot communicate without using them even though at times these messages are ambiguous. This wide range of nonverbal behaviour serves various functions in all face-to-face encounters (Gesteland, 2002). For instance at a companys important social meeting, the general manager is introduced to several new employees whom he has not met. Having greeted them with a dominant handshake, he stands at the social distance from the new employees. Knapp Hall (1997) claim that leaders and dominant personalities tend to also choose specific seats but seating position also can determine ones role in a group. Johnson (1993) says that choosing where to sit even if it means moving a chair or even deciding whether to sit, is significant. Anderson (1993) states that leaders and powerful people take up more space than others do. By taking up more space, they appear to be taking charge. Conversely, after shaking hands with the boss, the new employees take full or partial arm-fold gestures because of their apprehension about being in the presence of the companys top man. Both the general manager and the new employees feel comfortable with their respective gestures as each, is signaling his status relativ e to the other. A study conducted in the United States brought to light that, in more than 93 percent, the messages is transmitted by the speakers tone of voice and facial expressions; only 7 percent of the persons attitude was conveyed by words. Probably its a fact that we express our emotions and attitudes more nonverbally than verbally. There are however nonverbal differences across cultures that may be a source of confusion for foreigners. For example, expression of sadness, in culture such as the Arab, grief is expressed openly but this is just the opposite in the case of other cultures like the Asian. Here the general belief is that it is unacceptable to show emotion openly, whether its sadness, happiness or pain. Negotiation is a broad conflict management process involving discussions between and among individuals who are interdependent and need to come together for a decision or course of action; frequently associated with the need to compromise effectively (Shockley-Zalabak, 1988, p. 247). Negotiation consists of two distinct processes: creating value and claiming value. Creating value is a cooperative process whereby the parties in the negotiation seek to realize the full potential benefit of the relationship whereas claiming value is essentially a competitive process. The key to creating value is finding interests that the parties have in common or that complement each other, then reconciling and expanding upon these interests to create a positive situation. Parties at the negotiating table are interdependent and their goals are locked together. A seller cannot exist without a buyer. The purpose of a negotiation is a joint decision-making process through which the parties create a mutuall y acceptable settlement. The objective is to pursue a win-win situation for both parties. Sun Tzu once wrote: Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster. It is perhaps a bit extreme to compare a business meeting to a battle and a business partner to an enemy but the main principle still holds. In order to be reliably successful in business you must understand both yourself and your partner. This understanding will enable you realize what makes your corresponding person tick, and thus understand how he is likely to react in a given situation. In order to gain the full advantage of this knowledge, it is also necessary to understand oneself, both so that one can accurately grasp in what areas the other party is similar or dissimilar, and in order to accurately see how your counterpart is likely to view you. Hill (1998) mentions cross-cultural literacy, and defines it as an understanding of how cultural differences both across and within natio ns can affect the way in which business is practiced (1998:66) If we consider the fact that negotiating with our fellow citizen is not an easy task due to many individual differences, it would be reasonable to suggest that negotiating in a cross cultural setting with people from different cultural boundaries may be even more difficult. The way we perceive and create our own reality may be completely different to our counterparts way of thinking, behaving and feeling. Its also a fact that gaining knowledge of different languages is not enough to face and solve the problem. Language is a cluster of codes used in communication which, if not shared effectively, can act as a barrier to establish credibility and trust. Nations tend to have a national character that influences the type of goals and process the society pursues in negotiations. This is why specifying and understanding cultural differences is vital in order to perform successfully in inter-cultural communication. As we better understand that our partners may see things differently, we wil l be less likely to make negative assumptions and more likely to make progress during meetings and cross cultural negotiations (Zieba, 2009). Japanese negotiators are known for their politeness, their emphasis on establishing relationships and their indirect use of power. Japanese concern with face and face-saving is one reason that politeness is so important and confrontation is avoided. They tend to use power in muted, indirect ways consistent with their preference for harmony and calm. In comparative studies, Japanese negotiators were found to disclose considerably less about themselves and their goals than French or American counterparts. Silence and pauses in conversations are normal. Two can strategically use breaks in conversational flows even in situations where they could process information faster and send messages sooner. In essence the period of silence provide a twofold advantage of reducing the possibility of introducing unproductive and destructive commends into conversations and providing breaks for reflection, designation of ideas and planning of communication strategy and tactics during negotiations. Thes e are consistent with the norms of Chinese and Japanese, however westerners might have discomfort in the same situations. They are very formal and polite and place great importance on proper protocol. They are also concerned with proper etiquette. British negotiation behaviour is characterized by the soft sell and their culture is relatively high in context. Americans usually like to get down to business quickly in a meeting which may lead to people from Chinese and Japanese cultures being offended. In spite of that, the discussion mostly proceeds at a much slower pace than US business people are accustomed. The Chinese uses high context speech and therefore use a lot of non-verbal cues to communicate. They may use feelings of guilt, shame and obligation to get certain kinds of concessions whereas Americans use less risk taking tactics to misrepresent in order to gain more information. In general, most Westerners expect a prompt answer when they make a statement or ask a question ra ther than long pauses and silence (Weiss, 1992). This form of Kinesic messages shows that even if one keeps silent, one is still conveying messages. Knapp Hall (1997, p. 332) state that The face may be the basis for judging another persons personality and that it can (and does) provide information other than ones emotional state. They found that how something is said is often more important than what is being said. In addition, Anderson (1993) suggests that people perceived as powerful, shift their position occasionally, making themselves appear in charge. However, the rise in the global business trend and cross cultural meetings has paved way for the Chinese and Japanese professionals in doing business with the West with relative ease and have shown tendency to modify their behaviours to accommodate west. Nonetheless, doing business in Japan necessitates preparing oneself by understanding areas such as business culture, business etiquette, and negotiation meeting protocols. For instance, bowing your head is an integral part of J apanese culture. It is used for greeting at beginning and end of the meetings to show gratitude or used in other occasions to express sympathy or to apologies but a Westerner would not be expected to bow and will most likely be greeted with a handshake combined with a slight nod of the head (Nelda Spinks 1997). The French, expect everyone to behave as they do when doing business which includes speaking their language. Negotiations are likely to be in French unless they occur outside France. The French enjoy conversation for the sake of conversation but they are also very pragmatic about details of the proposed agreement during negotiations. They are very much individualists and have a sense of pride that is sometimes interpreted as supremacy. They follow their own logic, referred to as Cartesian logic, when negotiating. These logics are based on principles previously established. It proceeds from what is known, in point-by-point fashion, until agreement is reached. Protocol, manners , status, education, family, and individual accomplishments are keys to success when dealing with the French. The French prefer detailed, firm contracts. They enjoy conflict and debate and will interrupt even the opening presentations with arguments of little or no relevance (Moran and Stripp, 1991). It is widely acknowledged fact that people from different countries tend to communicate in different ways. We argue that these differences are more related to different communication cultures than other differences. Being aware of these differences usually leads to better comprehension, fewer misunderstandings and to mutual respect along with the prospects of success and benefits in negotiations and cross cultural meetings (Janosik, 1991). The key to successful nonverbal cross-cultural communication is that one must be experienced, motivated, knowledgeable, skilled and competent communicator in the global marketplace. These factors are interrelated and a deficiency in one would impacts at least one of the other factors. The more the deficiency is reduced there is more likelihood of achieving a high level of cross-cultural communication. Spitzberg (1991) points out in his model of interpersonal communication competency that, there is an additive effect of these factors resulting in co mmunication satisfaction, perceived confirmation, and conversational appropriateness and effectiveness (p. 22). However these may not be true in all cases. For example, I would like to point out a particular instance from my personal experience wherein a subject becomes more important or more influencing factor in a face to face space negotiation, the subject is something slightly different than a pure technical one. If I am trying to create a thinking process or an idea or an ideology, I would like to spread that and make others understand, which is really important. So my aim would be to make others understand my thinking process, and to do that, I better do my homework properly and know exactly what others think, hence this topic is more valid in such context. When the negotiation is highly technical then all these dont make much difference because technical things are tangible. For example, if we say we would like to export one ship of rice to Kenya, the quantity of rice that can go to that ship load is tangible and the product in talk is also tangible as we can specify the type of rice. H ere, the negotiation is only about the final loading price for that particular merchant, so whatever language we talk (say I know everything about Kenya, I have hired a secretary for that and I have done everything for that) it work only if its feasible for me hence its pure technical. TATA motors was trying to sell their cars and trucks in Africa region but finally succeeded only in selling trucks because the tertian needed in that region is almost same as that of the Indian region. So there the buyer was only interested in the efficiency of the truck and the total maintenance cost, rest all was of least importance. For instance, consider an advertisement of any car in the daily, they are also communicating. We can see that some of these advertisement are related to festive moods like Easter so by means of picture, it is trying to relate us to that particular festival which helps us to get connect faster and thereby leading to buy the content. So here the language they use is a vis ual one. Another example is say early morning a person is ready to go for negotiation and finds that he has forgotten to take the thoughts and has the habit of sweating (sweating here indicates nervousness in a sense). Now imaging the condition of that person, he going to attend a important meeting, he will be biased because of the sweat and his body language would be completely wrong because of this irritation factor which is definitely going to affect his meeting. His conversation would be influenced by this irritation factor and there is a possibility that other members might misunderstand his body language or it could even be medical problem or a digestion problem or it could be something like a pillow given in the hotel. Instead of a soft pillow the person would have got a hard one and say that person has a spontaliaties problem, he would have a very bad night of sleep and this would reflect in his gestures. So its always not correct to say that one can understand and interpret the body language rightly, even if he has enormous experience and skills relating to it, as according to the above example, under such circumstances it would be very difficult to communicate in proper body language and even verbally may not be saying what he intended to say. Sometimes persons would be forced to do things they are not aware of because of various other factors related to it. It is not a pure science where oxygen and hydrogen combined together gives water, in any instance. In a positive sense, everything could hype a person up like the food that he had last night or the drink that he had or the company that he had, so there again he is not projecting his real self. The next day when he goes for a negotiation his spirits are high which also could be misread and misinterpreted by the opposite party. The opposite party would think that the person is much interested in the business or negotiation but the reaction would only come later, seeing him in high spirit, the opposite party would start in a entirely different way from what he had prepared earlier. As human beings, we act on the basis of our perceptions and beliefs. So if we have a particular view of human communication, then we will act on that view. If we have a faulty view, then our behaviour may cause problems. The behaviour of humans is bundled up by different complex set of factors from individual personality, the social context their respective cultural values. Negotiating behaviour can vary depending upon various other aspects from the age of the participant, class, religion and character, its complexity gives nuanced explanations (Hartley Bruckham, 2000). This is a classical example to show how different cross cultural non verbal signals are misread, the cost of it being delays and missed opportunities. This case comes during the early days when the American diplomats attended a meeting of US -China reconciliation. Cohen (1991) points out that U.S. observers entirely missed the most significant Chinese signal of reconciliation of all in the 1970-71 periods. In October 1970, Chairman Mao invited an American author and journalist to stand next to him at the Gate of Heavenly Peace. While this gesture seems obscure to American diplomats and hence they did not respond to it, the symbolism was clear to the Chinese, who expected a significant response. These gaps in nonverbal gestures created friction among these two nations, if addressed in its rightful instance could have brought out fruitful results beneficial to both nations.

Negative effects of technology

Technology has had a negative effect on people's lives. Technology has distracted kids, caused accidents, and health problems. It's actually kind of sad. Technology has negatively affected kids In such a huge way, especially In schools. Most kids claim they're bored so they pull out their cell phones or Pods. Their attention span isn't but so big, so they tend to get distracted easily by fumbling with their phones and playing games. This is why phones aren't allowed in most schools today.Reason being is because teachers find it very disrespectful and rude when they are trying to teach and students aren't learning or listening. The most commonly used technology today is the cell phone. Cell phones cause so many things to happen. Most car accidents are cause by being on cell phones. In a teens mind they think sending this one word or message Is wont hurt while they're driving but In reality It does. They have so many commercials about the consequences of testing and driving. Most teens Just don't listen.It's not Just the teens either, It's even the adults that text and drive. Adults are supposed to be role models for the younger generation not the opposite. Most people don't know that technology causes health problems. Being on a cell phone for too long and having so close to a person's eyes can mess up their vision. Also talking on the phone can cause cancer. Of course a person wouldn't get cancer just by one phone call, it would take some time. Another major health problem caused by technology is Carpal tunnel syndrome.Testing excessively can damage the nerves in someone's hands and fingers, causing numbness, tingling, and weakness. These are Just a few health problems caused by technology. It's Just amazing how something created by man can cause so many negative things to happen. Just by being on a cell phone while driving could cost someone their life, having a cell phone or Pod out could cost a child's education, or even testing could cause permanent damage. Technology has negative effects on people's lives daily. Negative effects of technology By redoneTechnology has negatively affected kids in such a huge way, especially in schools. Most kids claim they're bored so they pull out their cell phones or ‘pods. Their teens mind they think sending this one word or message is won't hurt while they're driving but in reality it does. They have so many commercials about the consequences of testing and driving. Most teens Just don't listen. It's not Just the teens either, it's even the adults that text and drive. Negative Effects of Technology Technology can not only negatively effect ones physical health, privacy but there are also emotional and psychological effects which can be disastrous. ’ Internet addiction is a psychological dependency on using the internet regardless of the type of activity once logged on’ . caplan 02. ‘a cycle of five successive and interdependent stages’. young01. Discovery, experimentation, escalation, compulsion, and hope lessness lead the person through a series of cause and effect emotions.. yong. 08 describes a person with a tendancy to avoid life problems by medicating him self with the internet. Lonely people with low self esteem choose emotional relationships with cyberspace frinds. Becase ‘real’ individuals rejecting them is no longer possible, the person feels safe and confident in his world of denial. abs 08. Bisides social awkwardness and isolation the psychologically dependant person is one who tends to avoid real life situation and problems. abs. 08.. speaks of increasing absence from work as a woman’s online sexual fantasies grew into an obcession . to feel angry, jealous, rejected and abandoned as they experience the emotional pain of an online affair by their partner. Conflict and emotional cost is also a result of poker playing online. chb. 00. states that intense players played 3 times longer than the majority, in one study.. Other life activities would be effected more and more. An incrase in emotional pain resulting. However, emotional pain is not only caused by the individual’s online behavior but also the financial strain of the addiction. Chb09.. states that in its study of online poker players, most player moderated their behavior based on wins and losses. 1 the most involved players. However, did not this would indicate a high financial strain when these players experienced loss. Nms07 study on problem gambling on the internet found that 42. 7% of internet gamblers were problem gamblers. b. Another emotional result of online gambling is the altered perception of the gambler making him less aware of financial risks. nmss07.. The predictable remorse and guilt fallows the loss of money. Many online gaming sites give the impussion that pay out rates of demo session apply to regular play which is untrue. Demo sessions also will set up an imagined ‘big win’ which the article states sets a person up for problem gambling in the future. Aa ther are risk factors for those who are psychologically, vulnerable to becoming addicted to online sex. abs08. millions of adult sites abs08 are available 24 hours a day, 7 days aweek. The underlying factor of accessible ‘free’ sex and gambling contributes to addiction for those particular people. abs. abs.. Besides easy access, being anonymous also increases addictive tendancies for those most prone to be effected. Online users can experiment freely and confidently in the virtual world. Gamblers use electronic means to pay for services making the financial losses seem less real. Comm. With the rapid changes in technology comes both positive and negative results. Certain personality types seem more prone to online addicions to sex. Poker , and gambling. The availability of the internet and the relatively inexpensive world of excitement and pretending, seems to be an unpleasant reality makes fantasy even more attractive. The high emotional price for the addict and his loud ones, is just beginning to be revealed.

Ikea’s Global Sourcing Challenge Essay

1) IKEA is a successful global furniture company, which was founded as a mail order business earlier. The vision of IKEA was to create a better life for the many people, besides offering qualitative products with affordable prices, IKEA was trying to be environmental friendly and social responsible. Nevertheless, the flourish of IKEA also brought some problems, and IKEA was currently seeking a better way to deal with the child labor issues of its suppliers. 2) IKEA was facing a harsh issue due to the secretly using of child labors by IKEA’s supplier, thus, IKEA had to find a way to deal with the problem and give a appropriate answer to public and its consumers. 3) Marianne Barner: business area manager for carpets at IKEA. She had to solve the issues about child labor of IKEA’s suppliers. Ingvar Kamprad: the founder of IKEA Rangan Exports: one of IKEA’s suppliers that was using child labors. 4) IKEA had sent a legal team to Geneva to seek input and advice from International Labor Organization on how to deal with the problem. Also, they hired a third party agent to monitor child labor practices at its suppliers. Furthermore, they had all their suppliers sign a legal document claiming that if a supplier hired children under legal working age that the contract would be terminated. 5) I think IKEA should not just cut off its relation with the supplier. Also, IKEA should participate in the program. The program would be a chance for IKEA to explain themselves and their concerns toward their suppliers. Through a lot of years, IEAK had already earned good images and respects from customers, public, business areas and government. Therefore, to show IKEA’s responsibility and clear the intention would help with developing a positive image, and strengthen IKEA’s business power.

The Modelling Process And How It Helped With Risk Management

Explain the modelling process and how it helped with risk management It is important to understand that you go through a set process of making multiple mock-ups of your product you are developing to a final stage this helps because there is a risk making your final product without any sort of trial and error for example if you decide to make a fitness application and figure out that the template and sort of arrangement doesn’t look good then you will have to go back into the code and fix it which in turn will make you face even more errors therefore wasting a lot of time and even money. But in order to counter this situation like this if the person had of made a Photoshop copy then he would of seen that his app maybe doesn’t look that visually appealing and that would also help looking at the overall feel of that application which will in turn help figure out any more errors in the application and areas to improve upon. This strategy of technology modelling will greatly reduce the risk of you getting stuck in any sticky situation therefo re saving time and taking worry of your shoulders. Experiences of Technological Modelling for me I have also have gone through similar process during the Initial brief assessment and prototype development. During the initial brief assessment we had to go through the basic technological modelling process to come out with fully developed initial brief for an application or a website in this case my browser but during thisShow MoreRelatedFlood Risks And Its Effects On Human Beings1491 Words   |  6 Pagesthese debates have always been revolving around the risks associated with floods such as health related problems, infrastructure, the socio-economic wellbeing of the affected individuals and the damage it has on the archeological relics. As a result, there have been developed methods for evaluating and assessing the amount of these flood risk in various fields such as insurance, environmental and the technological fields. Using these methods, floods risk is usually measured depending on its likelihoodRead MoreA Brief Note On Floo ds And Its Effects On Human Beings1610 Words   |  7 Pagesthese debates have always been revolving around the risks associated with floods such as health related problems, infrastructure, the socio-economic wellbeing of the affected individuals and the damage it has on the archeological relics. As a result, there have been developed methods for evaluating and assessing the amount of these flood risk in various fields such as insurance, environmental and the technological fields. Using these methods, floods risk is usually measured depending on its likelihoodRead MoreStrategic Planning And The New Zealand Government Legislation Essay2769 Words   |  12 Pagesspecializes in developing and marketing computer hardware systems and enterprise software products – particularly its own brands of database management systems. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software and supply chain management (SCM) software. Oracle is the largest business software and hardware company in the world, with more than 3lakh customers and supportsRead MoreFramework For Modelling Cyber Insurance Market Essay969 Words   |  4 Pages2.3 : Framework for modelling cyber-insurance market Through this framework, it can be observed that this framework is more technical that the aforementioned framework. This framework shows how risk are being transferred from the environment to the agents and finally, to the insurer. This model encompasses two natural components, that correspond to the demand from the agents and supply from the insurers. The network environment is controlled by nodes and utility and risk are exchanged with demandRead MoreThe Plan Of An Insurance Policy1496 Words   |  6 Pagesearlier, taking insurance policy is a way to help maintain the risk of cyber attacks at an acceptable level. The plan in figure 2.2 shows an insurance decision plan of action. This plan of action is crucial in illustrating how insurance can help in maintaining the risk. The first step taken in the plan of action is conducting a thorough audit of the current information on security risks, which can be conducted during the assessment of risk process in the framework, after, the company will assess the currentRead MoreData and Technology in Business1053 Words   |  4 PagesData and Technology The successful companys activities (management) are related to collection, storage, and analysis and interpreting data. The purpose of data collection is to get hold of information and to continuously record and to make decisions on key issues. Data collection is the storage of data and prepare for the future process. Moreover, every piece information is a valuable resource in business, such as cost of production, share prices and exchange rates, company reports and market researchRead MoreConstruction Project Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagescan benefit greatly from new technology, which can be used to improve the efficiency of almost every area of a project, from planning through to build and completion. For example, emerging 3D BIM modelling can enhance project planning and materials acquisition. Building information modelling is a process for ‘creating and managing project information’ and allows those planning and running projects to see a ‘digital description’ of each aspect of the build which can then be linked to key informationRead MoreThe Study Of Cod Fishery Management Systems Within Canada Incorporated Heincken s Population Approach And Bio Economic System2364 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction A paper published in 1898 by the Freidrich Heincke, a German fisheries biologist, influenced biologists to consider the population as the unit of study instead of the species. Insights from the Heincke’s paper helped to cultivate the influential quantitative methodology to distinguish marine fish populations. The application of statistical methods and quantification techniques in marine biology contributed to the generation of an enormous amount of knowledge related to fisheries. TheRead MoreIntroduction. Predictive Analytics Is Quantitative Analysis1371 Words   |  6 Pagesexample, SAP Predictive Analytics can help make sense of big data and the Internet of Things by building predictive analytics models to identify unforeseen opportunities, better understand customers, and uncover hidden risks. Analysts must transform data into a format that is easy to process for the analytical engines, before building a predictive model. Traditionally this was done by developing scripts and algorithms manually and then applying these to the data. Before SAP Predictive Analytics, this wasRead MoreThe Benefits of the Use of the Computers in the Environment1425 Words   |  6 Pagesto monitoring all environmental effects. Because the development of computers has been largely the work of scientists, it is natural that a large body of computer applications serves the scientist and the field of science. Computers have not only helped in increasing awareness amongst the environmental issues, but have also made the research and the development of various diagnostic and prevention methods, easy and cost effective. Environmental pollution can take many forms. However, its impact on

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - 938 Words

Frankenstein was a scientist who created a creature that was very scary through a lab experiment. Victor Frankenstein was an ambitious scientist whose experiment was aimed at creating human beings from the cells of a dead person. He, however, created a monster, which haunted him to his death. Frankenstein was very scared of the creature to the point of abandoning it, but it kept following him and ended up destroying him and his family out of anger. Frankenstein is a science fiction, which incorporated human curiosity and scientific knowledge. This discussion shall focus on the similarities between Frankenstein and the monster. Similarities Both Victor and the monster were lonely. Victor had few friends in his lifetime and his mother’s death made worsened things for him as she was his closest confidant (Shelley 25). Frankenstein had only one close friend in his lifetime and although he loved his family, he had no strong social bonds. The monster was also lonely as it was ugly was ugly and this made people run away from it. Although it was not harmful in the beginning, people kept running away from the monster because of its appearance and this made it very lonely and miserable. Victor and the monster also felt misunderstood. When the creature killed William, Victor wanted to convince people not to kill his nanny, who was accused of the murder. Victor knew that the creature had killed his brother, but he knew that nobody would believe him (Shelley 76). The monster also feltShow MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankenstein1689 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Fathers and Son, Frankenstein. The novel I have chosen to discuss is Frankenstein. Written in 1818 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is classified as a gothic novel, however, Shelly uses both realist and non-realist techniques. I will be looking at her reasons for writing the novel and what influenced her, as well as the realist and non-realist techniques used. I will be looking at some of the contemporary social issues that affected Shelley’s life at the time she wrote her novelRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome determined to perfect at what they do. They eventually become tragically doomed through creating their own individual moral codes by struggling with their internal battles within their minds. Mary Shelley presents us the first persona of a romantic hero through Victor Frankenstein in her book Frankenstein. Shelley fabricates Victor as the main narrator throughout the book, along with Captain Walton and the creature, which Victor creates. Another hero during the Romant ic era is the Ancient MarinerRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Feminism1429 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Youshock Prof. Matthew Gerber HIST 1012 10/19/18 Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: Feminism before it was mainstream? Writing a paper on the topic of Frankenstein days before Halloween might give you the wrong idea- lets clear something up straight away Frankenstein is the doctor not the monster and the monster doesn’t have a name (which we later learn is mildly important to the story). You see, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is arguably a story of creation, murder, love, and learning amongst manyRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein The characterization of Victor’s creature, the monster, in the movie although somewhat dramatically different from Mary Shelley’s portrayal in the novel Frankenstein also had its similarities. Shelley’s views of the monster were to make him seem like a human being, while the movie made the monster out to be a hideous creation. The creature’s appearance and personality are two aspects that differ between the novel and movie while his intellectual and tender sidesRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein In order to illustrate the main theme of her novel â€Å"Frankenstein†, Mary Shelly draws strongly on the myth of Prometheus, as the subtitle The Modern Prometheus indicates. Maurice Hindle, in his critical study of the novel, suggests, â€Å"the primary theme of Frankenstein is what happens to human sympathies and relationships when men seek obsessively to satisfy their Promethean longings to â€Å"conquer the unknown† - supposedly in the service of their fellow-humans†. ThisRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein Nineteen-year-old Mary Shelley didn’t know when she began it that her â€Å"ghost story† would become an enduring part of classic literature. Frankenstein is an admirable work simply for its captivating plot. To the careful reader, however, Shelley’s tale offers complex insights into human experience. The reader identifies with all of the major characters and is left to heed or ignore the cautions that their situations provide. Shelley uses the second person narrativeRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1643 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein In 1818 a novel was written that tingled people’s minds and thrilled literary critics alike. Frankenstein was an instant success and sold more copies than any book had before. The immediate success of the book can be attributed to the spine-tingling horror of the plot, and the strong embedded ethical message. Although her name did not come originally attached to the text, Mary Shelley had written a masterpiece that would live on for centuries. Read MoreEvil in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1462 Words   |  6 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein is very much a commentary on the Enlightenment and its failure to tame the human condition through reason. The human condition can be defined as the unique features which mold a human being. The creature is undoubtedly a victim of this predicament. He grapples with the meaning of life, the search for gratification, the sense of curiosity, the inevitability of isolation, and the awareness of the inescapability of death. These qualities and his ceaseless stalking of hisRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Mary Shelley wrote the book Frankenstein sometime in the 1810s. She was born in London in 1797 (Biography). Her mother was an author of prime literary stock who was trying to encourage women to pursue their ideas and strive to earn the status as equals. The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions that were taking place around Mary Shelley certainly influ enced her while she was writing the book. The creation of machines and experiments at the time made people wonder what the limit of human technologyRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay846 Words   |  4 Pages Shelley’s Frankenstein does an excellent job at demonstrating the ideas and accomplishments of the enlightenment period. Shelly expresses these ideas and thoughts through the character of Victor Frankenstein who is an aspiring scientist seeking an intellectual challenge. Victor Frankenstein live s his hometown of Geneva and leaves in quest of a valued education in Ingolstadt. When Victor arrives at college he is lonely and finds himself in a new world in which he lives by himself. He than meets

Teen Dating Violence - 2793 Words

What is Teen Dating Violence? Teen Dating Violence (TDV) is described as the physical, emotional, or sexual abuse that occurs within a relationship while dating. TDV can occur in person, or electronically by a current or former partner (CDC, 2014). Many adolescents and adults are unaware of the prevalence of TDV but a recent national study revealed that nearly 10% of adolescents have reported being hit, slapped, or intentionally physically hurt by someone they had claimed to be dating (CDC, 2014). About 20% of adult women who reported experiencing some form of intimate partner violence (IPV) also reported experiencing TDV between the ages of 11-17 (CDC, 2014). Also, black students experience TDV (14%) at a significantly higher rate than†¦show more content†¦Some of the economic effects associated with IPV are as follows: employers lose between $3-5 billion dollars per year for increased medical costs of battered victims and businesses lose an additional $100 million dollars in lost wages, sick days, and absenteeism. Also, nearly 2 million workdays are lost to domestic violence annually and overall domestic violence costs the United States $67 billion dollars, annually (NCADV, n.d.). IPV causes a huge lapse in profitability and productivity. Using Public Service Announcements to Address other Public Health Issues Among Adolescents Public service announcements have long been a tool of public health professionals and organizations to prevent public health crises through awareness and instruction. For this intervention, public service announcements via television and radio stations will be implemented to bring about prevention of teen dating violence. Anti-tobacco campaigns have utilized public service announcements to campaign the detrimental effects of tobacco consumption as well as raise awareness regarding cessation resources. In 2000, California held a media campaign that accounted for a 2-3% reduction in the sales of cigarette packs. Despite the seemingly low effect of media campaigning, it has been proven that each dollar invested in the anti-tobacco advertising results into a per capita decrease of 7.7 packs of cigarettes (Atkin,Show MoreRelatedTeen Dating Violence951 Words   |  4 PagesTeen dating violence Teen dating violence is becoming a huge issue among schools across the nation. In fact most teens don’t even think their relationships are abusive or they know but they are too scared to do anything about it. Teen dating violence is on the rise. This violence spans across all socioeconomic levels and knows no race. Even famous people can be victims of dating violence. Dating violence is a real issue and needs to be addressed in all schools and workplaces across the nationRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimizationRead MoreIs No Law For Teen Dating Violence?1357 Words   |  6 Pageseen violence has become a major problem in children today. Many teens are pressured with drugs and alcohol, but violence from your boyfriend/girlfriend is a growing problem for teens in the world today. There are many types of abuse, even more than there was 10 years ago. These types of abuse can be anywhere from physical abuse to digital abuse. Abuse, according to Business Dictionary means, â€Å"Physical force unlawfully exercised toward property and/or persons, causing or intending to cause damageRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Research2459 Words   |  10 PagesTeen Dating Violence Research on adolescent dating violence (DV) is limited, even though it is a risk factor for adult intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV is a serious health concern that is linked to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy (De Grace Clarke, 2012). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2016), teen dating violence is defined as the physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional violence within a datingRead MoreForms And Causes Of Teen Dating Violence1132 Words   |  5 PagesCauses of Teen Dating Violence Anya Colburn University of Nebraska — Kearney There are many things that teenagers end up going through, some good and some bad. One thing that some teenager unfortunately go through is dating violence. Dating violence is physical, emotional, psychologic, or sexual violence in a dating relationship. Throughout my paper I discuss some of the different reasons people may engage in dating violence, such as the media and bullying. I also discuss cyber dating violenceRead MoreTeen Dating Violence Is A Serious Problem Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesTeen dating violence is a serious problem, and the number of cases continues to rise. The victims are usually teenaged girls, and the abuse may occur for months before they finally come forward to report their attacker. Some teens do not tell until the abuse is obvious because they are seriously injured, others deny the abuse or make excuses for the abuser. Is your daughter at risk for teen dating violence? Do not assume she will tell you if her boyfriend starts abusing her. Teen girls ar e likelyRead MoreThe Victims Of Teen Dating Violence And Substance Abuse796 Words   |  4 PagesSeveral studies identified a significant correlation among victims of teen dating violence and substance abuse. Those committing the act were more likely to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol, and victims show increasing signs of substance addiction to cope (Temple et al., 2013). Victims of teen dating violence can have increased problems associated with mental health, sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, weight issues, and suicidal ideology (Maas, 2010). As aRead MoreDefinition And Intervention Mid Term Project Is Teen Dating Violence1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic that I nominate for my six week group content/intervention mid-term project is teen dating violence. I will be discussing different techniques, leader skills, and interventions that I will utilize when I facilitate a six week group. I will incorporate several different icebreake rs and activities that has been used in an adolescents groups by clinicians. As the therapist, some of the techniques consist of the following empathy, reframing, Socratic questioning, active listening, and effectiveRead MoreJake and Caroline Video Script Teen Dating Violence1963 Words   |  8 PagesJAKE AND CAROLINE VIDEO SCRIPT TEEN DATING VIOLENCE Jake: So anyway things besides all this John stuff are going pretty awesome†¦and we usually hang out together every Friday night when I get out of work†¦So this past Friday I got out of work early and figured we’d spend the rest of the night together†¦. Maybe grab a bite to eat or catch a movie†¦So I called her at 5 o’clock—no Caroline. 6, 7, 8—still no Caroline. 9, 10—10 freakin’ thirty roles around and I’m like â€Å"Caroline where the hell have youRead MoreJake and Caroline Video Script Teen Dating Violence1976 Words   |  8 PagesJAKE AND CAROLINE VIDEO SCRIPT TEEN DATING VIOLENCE Jake: So anyway things besides all this John stuff are going pretty awesome†¦and we usually hang out together every Friday night when I get out of work†¦So this past Friday I got out of work early and figured we’d spend the rest of the night together†¦. Maybe grab a bite to eat or catch a movie†¦So I called her at 5 o’clock—no Caroline. 6, 7, 8—still no Caroline. 9, 10—10 freakin’ thirty roles around and I’m like â€Å"Caroline where the hell have

International Marketing Entry Strategies free essay sample

Reasons why firms get involved in international markets: Chain of supply(in terms of raw materials),if there are shortage of raw materials in the domestic market ,a firm may opt for the international market, also if the firm has abundant resources the firm can produce locally and export to foreign markets. Optimistic response: the managers and the share holders may have the ambition of going global as a strategic objective. When the product cannot be sold in the local or domestic market: the product may have reached the maturity stage of its product life cycle, hence the need to find new markets for it where it can be rejuvenated and introduce it as a new product. Additional volume: the firm may have surplus production which it may consider for the foreign markets for example in Uganda companies like Mukwano Group of Companies is now exporting to the Great lakes region. Spreading business risks across wider markets, sometimes a firm may not want to keep it‘ eggs† in one†basket†especially when it has the capital base to operate in the foreign market for example Simba Telecom has extended its distribution and Telecom business to other African markets. Gaining access to new markets, firm may have the objective of increasing its market share and the alternative to the domestic market is to go international. A firm may go global with an objective of achieving lower costs and enhancing competitiveness. Factors considered before going international: The planning process: This is important because it helps decision makers to examine all the factors that can affect the success of international marketing programmes. The company’s objectives and Resources: for a company to succeed in an international market it must evaluate is a parent company’s resource in relation to the international market it wants to enter. Level of commitment: the firm must determine whether it is ready in terms personnel, financial and time commitment. Philosophical orientation: this has to relate to the corporate objectives of the firm, this includes: polycentrism, ethnocentrism, geocentrism and regionalcentrism. The firm has to study the external environment by the use of tools like SLEPT (PESTEL) or SWOT analysis to understand the industry and the perceived risks. MARKET ENTRY DECISION STRATEGIES: There are various market entry strategies a firm can consider when entering an international market. There is no universal strategy but the best strategy would be one circumstantially chosen after vivid scrutiny of factors that should be considered before choosing a market entry mode as discussed above. The choice of the entry mode depends on the following factors: Internal factors/conditions: Objectives of the firm regarding sales volumes, time scale and market coverage. If the objective of the firm is of low sales volume for a limited period of time establishing a foreign owned production facility may be appropriate relative to other modes of entry kike exporting. Need for control: The level of control of marketing activities varies greatly from modes of entry. If the firm requires absolute control, establishing a wholly foreign owned investment (subsidiary) is preferred to other modes like indirect exporting which offer virtually no control. The firm’s resources: Resource requirements in terms of human and financial vary according to the modes of entry used. If the firm has less resources indirect exporting or use of agents can be used. Flexibility requirements: the marketer should understand the legal aspects in the given foreign market since the domestic market laws are usually used to settle disputes. The laws related to international business must be clearly understood. The speed of entry: if speed is required, lincencing, exporting or use of agents and distributors. A wholly owned firm may be suitable if the firm is not in a hurry. The size of the firm: small firms are less likely to provide the level of investment capital, organizational ability for operating expensive modes of entry such as wholly owned investment. Management orientation: the foreign market entry will also depend on the decisions of the managers as regards the strategies and policies. External factors: Market potential (size and growth): An international marketer should first understand,analyse the market potential in terms of size and growth rate, if these are high an overseas subsidiary and licensing can be a suitable mode of entry. Competitive environment: The nature of competition and the entry modes used by the competitors have an effect on the entry method used by an international firm. For example the telecom sector and Banking sector. Host country regulations; some countries dictate the modes of entry. And in some countries a firm is given quotas of the product to supply so in such circumstances a firm will opt for a mode that does not require a big investment. The culture of the host country is also important; some countries are not friendly to foreign investors. Risk factors like political instability will affect the mode of entry to choose from, these risks vary from country to country. For example a country that is not politically stable like Somalia and Southern Sudan will require that a firm considers Exporting strategy, because establishing a wholly owned investment is more risky. The Pay back period: Pay back period varies from one entry mode to another. Exporting, lincencing and franchising may have a shorter pay back period compared to joint ventures and a wholly foreign investment. MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES . EXPORTING: This is the marketing and direct sales of the domestically produced goods and services into another country. It is traditional well established method of reaching the foreign market. No investment in foreign production facility is required. Most costs associated with exporting are in the form of marketing expenses. Top exporters globally include; Japan, China, Germany, USA and India among others. Exporting can take the following forms: Direct Exporting; this is where a company assumes direct responsibility for selling to foreign markets. The firm can set up a ex[porting department or can work through foreign agents, Travelling sales people. Indirect Exporting: independent international middlemen can be hired by an international firm to do the exporting. For example the Bic pen company exports to the Ugandan market through African Queen Ltd,a Ugandan distribution firm. General evaluation of the Exporting strategy I. It minimizes political risks. II. Effective when the market potential is not known. III. It allows flexibility of control of the marketing activities. IV. Termination of business relationships does not incur significant costs and time. Disadvantages I. Fluctuating foreign exchange rates may affect earnings. II. Government interventions can affect earnings for example in Uganda in 2010 there was a controversy between Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Distributors of Eveready Batteries. III. It is difficult to respond to market changes. IV. Lack of control over marketing activities especially under indirect exporting. 2. JOINT VENTURE: Under this strategy an international firm joins with the foreign firm to establish Production and Marketing facilities. Joint ventures can be through. )Licensing: This is where a manufacturing company Grants a license to a foreign firm, and it pays a fee or loyalties in exchange for the use patents, product formular, company name, trade mark or anything of value. Advantages of Licensing: I. It is a cost effective way for affirm to expand, since there is no much capital investment. II. It allows the test of the market with out major involvement. III. It is effective when tariffs ar e high. IV. It provides an opportunity to enter a country or market when production is not possible for example when the host country regulations, risk of xpropriation, lack of resources etc. V. It increases the inflow of sophisticated technology and managerial expertise in the host country. VI. It is a relatively cheaper and simple mode of entry. Disadvantages: I. It restricts the ability of the firm to take full advantage of the market potential. II. There are no guarantees of future expansion. III. It creates competition in the third markets. IV. Loss of control of the firm’s technology. V. Loss of control over the quality of the products. VI. It can result into conflict between Licensee and the linceser. VII. End of business relationship is costly and involves a lot of legalities. b)Franchising: This is a type of licensing that specifies in more detail than licensing of what is expected of the franchisee, the franchiser grants the franchisee the permission to a patent, trade mark, product formular,product formular,company name or anything of value. The franchiser provides operational and managerial help to franchisee eg. in terms of financing, equipment, raw materials, managerial etc. Note: the advantages and the disadvantages are the same as licensing. 3. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES This involves cooperation between firms with out the creation of a new business organization. Alliances are motivated by the desire to share technology and productive resources. They are usually used by Companies in USA, ASIA,PACIFIC AND EUROPE. Advantages I. It allows access to foreign markets. II. It levels distribution of large research and development expenses. III. It enables sharing of complimentary resources. IV. There is spread of risks. Disadvantages I. There is a possibility of misunderstanding and ineffective communication particularly when different cultures are present. II. There is loss of competitive strength. 4. Wholly Owned Foreign Investment This involves establishing manufacturing or assembling facilities in foreign country, it involves a lot of capital investment and time, the firm assumes responsibility for strategic and operational functions. Advantages I. The firm has direct control over business activities. II. The firm gains greater knowledge over foreign local markets. III. The firm does not have to share its profits with other firms. IV. The firm can better apply specialize skills. Disadvantages I. It faces more political risks in case of political turmoil in a host country. II. The mode requires more resources and commitment than any other mode of entry. Conclusion Because of increasing trade between nations today across the globe it is very important that an international marketer understands the international business environment and the factors that affect international trade to be able to make informed decision on the entry mode to consider when entering the foreign market. REFERENCES: 1. International Marketing by Michael R. CZinkota. 2. Global Marketing by Warren J. Keegan, Mark Green, 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall. 3. Global Marketing: Foreign, local and Global Management by Jonny K. Johnson. 4. Building an Import/Export Business by Kenneth D. Weiss: Publisher: Willy. TOPIC: STRATEGY OPTIONS FOR ENTERING AN INTERNATIONAL MARKET. BY: RUGUMAYO ANDREW MPIRWE, MBA 11, MARKETING OPTION. REG. NO. 2011/U/HD/390/MBA KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY. INTRODUCTION International Marketing Decisions Today due to the rapid growth rate of globalization, all types of businesses are seeking to expand their operations across borders into the global market place. A firm after several considerations can choose an entry strategy to enter a foreign market, among the modes of entry is: Exporting, Lincencing, Joint venture and direct investment, strategic alliances among others that will be discussed later. Reasons why firms get involved in international markets: Chain of supply(in terms of raw materials),if there are shortage of raw materials in the domestic market ,a firm may opt for the international market, also if the firm has abundant resources the firm can produce locally and export to foreign markets. Optimistic response: the managers and the share holders may have the ambition of going global as a strategic objective. When the product cannot be sold in the local or domestic market: the product may have reached the maturity stage of its product life cycle, hence the need to find new markets for it where it can be rejuvenated and introduce it as a new product. Additional volume: the firm may have surplus production which it may consider for the foreign markets for example in Uganda companies like Mukwano Group of Companies is now exporting to the Great lakes region. Spreading business risks across wider markets, sometimes a firm may not want to keep it‘ eggs† in one†basket†especially when it has the capital base to operate in the foreign market for example Simba Telecom has extended its distribution and Telecom business to other African markets. Gaining access to new markets, firm may have the objective of increasing its market share and the alternative to the domestic market is to go international. A firm may go global with an objective of achieving lower costs and enhancing competitiveness. Factors considered before going international: The planning process: This is important because it helps decision makers to examine all the factors that can affect the success of international marketing programmes. The company’s objectives and Resources: for a company to succeed in an international market it must evaluate is a parent company’s resource in relation to the international market it wants to enter. Level of commitment: the firm must determine whether it is ready in terms personnel, financial and time commitment. Philosophical orientation: this has to relate to the corporate objectives of the firm, this includes: polycentrism, ethnocentrism, geocentrism and regionalcentrism. The firm has to study the external environment by the use of tools like SLEPT (PESTEL) or SWOT analysis to understand the industry and the perceived risks. MARKET ENTRY DECISION STRATEGIES: There are various market entry strategies a firm can consider when entering an international market. There is no universal strategy but the best strategy would be one circumstantially chosen after vivid scrutiny of factors that should be considered before choosing a market entry mode as discussed above. The choice of the entry mode depends on the following factors: Internal factors/conditions: Objectives of the firm regarding sales volumes, time scale and market coverage. If the objective of the firm is of low sales volume for a limited period of time establishing a foreign owned production facility may be appropriate relative to other modes of entry kike exporting. Need for control: The level of control of marketing activities varies greatly from modes of entry. If the firm requires absolute control, establishing a wholly foreign owned investment (subsidiary) is preferred to other modes like indirect exporting which offer virtually no control. The firm’s resources: Resource requirements in terms of human and financial vary according to the modes of entry used. If the firm has less resources indirect exporting or use of agents can be used. Flexibility requirements: the marketer should understand the legal aspects in the given foreign market since the domestic market laws are usually used to settle disputes. The laws related to international business must be clearly understood. The speed of entry: if speed is required, lincencing, exporting or use of agents and distributors. A wholly owned firm may be suitable if the firm is not in a hurry. The size of the firm: small firms are less likely to provide the level of investment capital, organizational ability for operating expensive modes of entry such as wholly owned investment. Management orientation: the foreign market entry will also depend on the decisions of the managers as regards the strategies and policies. External factors: Market potential (size and growth): An international marketer should first understand,analyse the market potential in terms of size and growth rate, if these are high an overseas subsidiary and licensing can be a suitable mode f entry. Competitive environment: The nature of competition and the entry modes used by the competitors have an effect on the entry method used by an international firm. For example the telecom sector and Banking sector. Host country regulations; some countries dictate the modes of entry. And in some countries a firm is given quotas of the product to supply so in such circumstances a firm will opt for a mode that does not require a big investment. The culture of the host country is also important; some countries are not friendly to foreign investors. Risk factors like political instability will affect the mode of entry to choose from, these risks vary from country to country. For example a country that is not politically stable like Somalia and Southern Sudan will require that a firm considers Exporting strategy, because establishing a wholly owned investment is more risky. The Pay back period: Pay back period varies from one entry mode to another. Exporting, lincencing and franchising may have a shorter pay back period compared to joint ventures and a wholly foreign investment. MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES . EXPORTING: This is the marketing and direct sales of the domestically produced goods and services into another country. It is traditional well established method of reaching the foreign market. No investment in foreign production facility is required. Most costs associated with exporting are in the form of marketing expenses. Top exporters globally include; Japan, China, Germany, USA and India among others. Exporting can take the following forms: Direct Exporting; this is where a company assumes direct responsibility for selling to foreign markets. The firm can set up a ex[porting department or can work through foreign agents, Travelling sales people. Indirect Exporting: independent international middlemen can be hired by an international firm to do the exporting. For example the Bic pen company exports to the Ugandan market through African Queen Ltd,a Ugandan distribution firm. General evaluation of the Exporting strategy I. It minimizes political risks. II. Effective when the market potential is not known. III. It allows flexibility of control of the marketing activities. IV. Termination of business relationships does not incur significant costs and time. Disadvantages I. Fluctuating foreign exchange rates may affect earnings. II. Government interventions can affect earnings for example in Uganda in 2010 there was a controversy between Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Distributors of Eveready Batteries. III. It is difficult to respond to market changes. IV. Lack of control over marketing activities especially under indirect exporting. 2. JOINT VENTURE: Under this strategy an international firm joins with the foreign firm to establish Production and Marketing facilities. Joint ventures can be through. )Licensing: This is where a manufacturing company Grants a license to a foreign firm, and it pays a fee or loyalties in exchange for the use patents, product formular, company name, trade mark or anything of value. Advantages of Licensing: I. It is a cost effective way for affirm to expand, since there is no much capital investment. II. It allows the test of the market with out major involvement. III. It is effective when tariffs ar e high. IV. It provides an opportunity to enter a country or market when production is not possible for example when the host country regulations, risk of expropriation, lack of resources etc. V. It increases the inflow of sophisticated technology and managerial expertise in the host country. VI. It is a relatively cheaper and simple mode of entry. Disadvantages: I. It restricts the ability of the firm to take full advantage of the market potential. II. There are no guarantees of future expansion. III. It creates competition in the third markets. IV. Loss of control of the firm’s technology. V. Loss of control over the quality of the products. VI. It can result into conflict between Licensee and the linceser. VII. End of business relationship is costly and involves a lot of legalities. )Franchising: This is a type of licensing that specifies in more detail than licensing of what is expected of the franchisee, the franchiser grants the franchisee the permission to a patent, trade mark, product formular,product formular,company name or anything of value. The franchiser provides operational and managerial help to franchisee eg. in terms of financing, equipment, raw mat erials, managerial etc. Note: the advantages and the disadvantages are the same as licensing. 3. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES This involves cooperation between firms with out the creation of a new business organization. Alliances are motivated by the desire to share technology and productive resources. They are usually used by Companies in USA, ASIA,PACIFIC AND EUROPE. Advantages I. It allows access to foreign markets. II. It levels distribution of large research and development expenses. III. It enables sharing of complimentary resources. IV. There is spread of risks. Disadvantages I. There is a possibility of misunderstanding and ineffective communication particularly when different cultures are present. II. There is loss of competitive strength. 4. Wholly Owned Foreign Investment This involves establishing manufacturing or assembling facilities in foreign country, it involves a lot of capital investment and time, the firm assumes responsibility for strategic and operational functions. Advantages I. The firm has direct control over business activities. II. The firm gains greater knowledge over foreign local markets. III. The firm does not have to share its profits with other firms. IV. The firm can better apply specialize skills. Disadvantages I. It faces more political risks in case of political turmoil in a host country. II. The mode requires more resources and commitment than any other mode of entry. Conclusion Because of increasing trade between nations today across the globe it is very important that an international marketer understands the international business environment and the factors that affect international trade to be able to make informed decision on the entry mode to consider when entering the foreign market. REFERENCES: 1. International Marketing by Michael R. CZinkota. 2. Global Marketing by Warren J. Keegan, Mark Green, 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall. 3. Global Marketing: Foreign, local and Global Management by Jonny K. Johnson. 4. Building an Import/Export Business by Kenneth D. Weiss: Publisher: Willy.